My next task is to implement Digital filters on Arduino........
We live in a analog world. Everything "Natural" around us is analog in nature. But ,we being Engineers,love the Digital way. So in order to communicate with digital world, we need Sensors and ADCs. Sensors convert various quantities around us into analog electrical signals which are digitized using ADC. But during this Analog to digital conversion noise creeps into our system and it becomes necessary to remove that noise and extract only the required signals. Then comes into existence the filters.
Digital filters as the name suggests filters digitally.Or in other words it filters digital signals. Basically, it is use to implement a filter in software. This has an advantage over normal analog signals, that their properties can be changed by just changing the program. In contrast, to change the properties of an analog filter, we need to change the entire filter design.Then comes the importance of digital filters. Digital Filters are omnipresent. Any system which interfaces with the outside world or use sensors ,use s filters , most of which are digital.
A digital filter is characterized by its transfer function. Mathematical analysis of the transfer function can describe how it will respond to any input.
The transfer function for a linear, time-invariant, digital filter can be expressed as a transfer function in the z-domain;
A digital filter is characterized by its transfer function. Mathematical analysis of the transfer function can describe how it will respond to any input.
The transfer function for a linear, time-invariant, digital filter can be expressed as a transfer function in the z-domain;
where the order of the filter is the greater of N or M.
This is the form for a recursive filter with both the inputs (Numerator) and outputs (Denominator), which typically leads to an IIR infinite impulse response behaviour, but if the denominator is made equal to unity i.e. no feedback, then this becomes an FIR or finite impulse response filter.
My aim is to implement Digital Filters on Arduino. I wanted to make FIR filters(all types). For an FIR filter transfer function has denominator equal to unity. The coefficients in the transfer function of equation ..1 can
be determined using MATLAB....
MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-
The program is:
/*
This is Program to implement three dgital filters:
(1) 200Hz-600Hz
(2) 600Hz-1200Hz
(3) 1200Hz-2400Hz
The output can be verified using a function generator and reading relative magnitudes of output on Serial Monitor and on Oscilloscope if you have DACs
*/
#define M 50
#define N 65
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<avr/delay.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
uint16_t x[N]; //Samples
// Filter coefficiants to implement Three Digital Filters
int32_t b1[N]={1,0,-3,-5,-7,-8,-5,0,8,17,25,28,23,6,-25,-72,-134,-205,-280,-349,-401,-425,-413,-360,-262,-124,44,231,418,589,725,813,844,813,725,589,418,231,44,-124,-262,-360,-413,-425,-401,-349,-280,-205,-134,-72,-25,6,23,28,25,17,8,0,-5,-8,-7,-5,-3,0,1};
int32_t b2[N]={-3,-2,3,12,22,27,20,0,-30,-58,-69,-55,-21,14,29,11,-25,-45,-9,101,256,382,388,214,-128,-538,-855,-923,-668,-139,493,1001,1196,1001,493,-139,-668,-923,-855,-538,-128,214,388,382,256,101,-9,-45,-25,11,29,14,-21,-55,-69,-58,-30,0,20,27,22,12,3,-2,-3};
int32_t b3[N]={0,11,15,-4,-23,-14,6,0,-9,30,72,18,-89,-92,5,22,-39,45,240,174,-200,-368,-92,107,-80,-25,662,929,-288,-1827,-1380,998,2406,998,-1380,-1827,-288,929,662,-25,-80,107,-92,-368,-200,174,240,45,-39,22,5,-92,-89,18,72,30,-9,0,6,-14,-23,-4,15,11,0};
uint16_t a;
uint16_t i;
void InitADC() // Function to initialise ADC Channel
{
ADMUX=(1<<REFS0);
ADMUX&=~((1<<REFS1)|(1<<ADLAR)|(1<<MUX3)|(1<<MUX2)|(1<<MUX1)|(1<<MUX0));
ADCSRA=(1<<ADEN)|(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(1<<ADPS0);
}
uint16_t ReadADC(uint8_t ch) // Function to read value of ADC
{
ch=ch&0b00000111;
ADMUX|=ch;
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADSC);
while(!(ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF)));
//_delay_ms(1000);
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADIF);
return(ADC);
}
void setup() //Setup Function to intialise ADC and Serial Communication
{
DDRC=0x00; //PORTC as INPUT
DDRD=0xFF; //PORTD is OUTPUT
DDRD=0xFF;
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
InitADC();
a=ReadADC(4);
x[i]=a;
}
Serial.begin(9600);
}
int32_t num1=0,num2=0,num3=0,y1[M],y2[M],y3[M],sum1=0,sum2=0,sum3=0,ans1=0,ans2=0,ans3=0; // Various variables to determine Y-OUTPUT
void loop() //Loop Function
{
for(int i=0;i<M;i++)
{
num1=0; //cumulative summation of filter1
num2=0; //cumulative summation of filter2
num3=0; //cumulative summation of filter3
for(int j=0;j<N;j++) // taking Samples
{
InitADC();
x[j]=ReadADC(4);
}
for(int k=0;k<N;k++) //Convolution
{
num1+=b1[k]*x[N-1-k]; //Filter1
num2+=b2[k]*x[N-1-k]; //Filter2
num3+=b3[k]*x[N-1-k]; //Filter3
}
y1[i]=num1/10000; //Normalisation
y2[i]=num2/10000;
y3[i]=num3/10000;
}
//Now take RMS values
for(int i=0;i<M;i++)
{
sum1+=y1[i]*y1[i];
sum2+=y2[i]*y2[i];
sum3+=y3[i]*y3[i];
}
sum1/=M;
sum2/=M;
sum3/=M;
ans1=sqrt(sum1);
ans2=sqrt(sum2);
ans3=sqrt(sum3);
// Printing them on Serial Monitor
Serial.print("200-600Hz::");
Serial.println(ans1);
Serial.print("600-1200Hz::");
Serial.println(ans2);
Serial.print("1200-2400Hz::");
Serial.println(ans3);
//Checking the OUTPUT on Oscilloscope
dacx(ans1);
dacy(ans2);
}
void dacx(unsigned char a) // Function to write values on one of the DACs DACx
{
byte k=0;
for(unsigned char i=0;i<2;i++)
{
k=a&(1<<i);
if(k)
PORTB|=(1<<i);
else
PORTB&=~(1<<i);
}
for(unsigned char i=0;i<6;i++)
{
k=a&(1<<(i+2));
if(k)
PORTD|=(1<<(7-i));
else
PORTD&=~(1<<(7-i));
}
}
void dacy(unsigned char a) // Function to write values on one of the DACs DACy
{
byte k=0;
for(unsigned char i=0;i<4;i++)
{
k=a&(1<<i);
if(k)
PORTC|=(1<<(3-i));
else
PORTC&=~(1<<(3-i));
}
for(unsigned char i=0;i<4;i++)
{
k=a&(1<<(i+4));
if(k)
PORTB|=(1<<(5-i));
else
PORTB&=~(1<<(5-i));
}
}
